They could help maintain the effectiveness of insecticides and genetically modified crops the diamondback moth has evolved resistance to. The modified males have another attractive trait. The Oxitec insects carry a gene for a fluorescent marker as well, allowing them to be identified in the wild. After these males grow up and mate with other wild insects, the next generation of female offspring also dies, further shrinking the population. But male offspring survive and half inherit tTAV. The gene prevents the female offspring from developing, and they die as larvae. The idea is that when modified males mate with females in the wild, they pass on their tTAV gene.
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(In October 2019, the city of Indaiatuba, Brazil, began to use the Oxitec insects to help reduce its mosquito populations.) The moths were engineered in the same way: Researchers at the company assembled a "lethality gene" called tetracycline transcriptional activator variant ( tTAV), by combining DNA from the bacterium Escherichia coli and the herpes simplex virus then they added it to the insects. The company is more famous for its mosquitoes, which it has tested in Brazil and other tropical countries to combat dengue fever and other diseases. That tweaking was done by Oxitec, which also funded the new field trial.
"You can get the same result by just tweaking genes, and they will behave normally." "Radiating insects is like a using sledgehammer," says Tony Shelton, an entomologist at Cornell University who studies the diamondback moth and led the current study. One challenge is that large numbers are required because the radiation leaves the males less vigorous than their wild rivals. Then, the neutered males are released to find females and when the insects mate, there are no offspring. The insects are blasted with x-rays, making them sterile. The approach is a version of sterile insect technology, which has been used for decades to control and eradicate a fly known as screwworm, a livestock parasite, and a few other pests. The technology, he says, "has excellent potential." But it's unclear what happens next with the moths, as Oxitec says it is only "evaluating potential opportunities." "This is important," says Max Scott, an entomologist at North Carolina State University who was not involved in the study. Yesterday, researchers reported that these moths, developed by the biotechnology company Oxitec, survive well on actual farms. But frustrated farmers might get a new weapon against them: genetically engineered versions of the moths that mate with wild pests and cause half their offspring to die.
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